Psychosocial and Economic Predictive Influencers of Marital Stability
among Married Individuals in Ibadan North, Nigeria.
Adebola Mayowa Osinimu
Prof.
R.A Animasahun
Department of Counseling and Human Development
Studies
Faculty of
Education
University of
Ibadan
ABSTRACT
Marital stability is fundamental to the psychological
well-being of spouses, family cohesion, and societal balance. However, the
Nigerian marital landscape has experienced growing instability due to factors
such as poor communication, financial hardship, peer interference, in-law
conflicts, and changing perceptions of sexual orientation. Understanding how
these variables jointly and individually influence marital stability is
critical to strengthening family systems. This study therefore examined communication,
sexual orientation, financial status, peer influence, and in-law factors as
predictors of marital stability in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo
State, Nigeria.
The study adopted a descriptive survey research
design. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 300 married
respondents from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Data were collected using
a structured questionnaire titled Predictors of Marital Stability Questionnaire
(PMSQ), which was validated and tested for reliability. Descriptive and
inferential statistics were employed, including multiple regression analysis,
to examine the joint and relative contributions of the independent variables to
marital stability.
Findings revealed a significant positive relationship
between marital stability and all the measured variables communication (r =
.432, p<.05), sexual orientation (r = .345, p < .05), financial status (r
= .555, p < .05), in-law factors (r = .370, p<.05), and peer influence (r
= .155, p<.05). This revealed that improved communication, positive sexual
orientation compatibility, sound financial standing, supportive in-law
relationships, and positive peer influence all contributed to greater marital
stability among married individuals in Ibadan North LGA. Financial status
showed the strongest relationship with marital stability, revealing that
economic well-being plays a major role in sustaining marital harmony.
The study concluded that effective communication,
stable financial conditions, and harmonious extended family relationships are
key to sustaining marital stability in Ibadan North.
It was recommended that marriage counselors, religious
leaders, and social workers intensify efforts in marital education focusing on
communication, financial management, and family boundary-setting. Policymakers
should also establish community-based family counseling centers to promote
marital resilience and reduce instability within Nigerian homes.
Keywords: Communication, Sexual Orientation, Financial Status,
Peer Influence, In-law Factors, Marital Stability
INTRODUCTION
Marriage
remains one of the most significant social institutions across societies
worldwide, serving as the foundation for family life, emotional support,
economic cooperation, and the socialization of children. Despite variations in
cultural practices, legal frameworks, and marital expectations, marital
stability is universally recognized as a critical determinant of individual
well-being and societal cohesion. Marital stability refers to the ability of a
marital relationship to endure over time while maintaining emotional
satisfaction, effective conflict management, mutual commitment, and social
functionality (Amato, 2017).
Globally,
research has demonstrated that stable marriages are associated with improved
physical health, psychological well-being, economic security, and positive
developmental outcomes for children, whereas marital instability is linked to
depression, anxiety, economic hardship, domestic violence, and adverse child
outcomes (Cui et al., 2018; Amato, 2020). As a result, scholars across
disciplines such as sociology, psychology, family studies, and public health
have increasingly focused on identifying the predictors of marital stability.
Over
the past few decades, patterns of marriage and marital stability have changed
significantly, particularly in industrialized societies. Rising divorce rates,
delayed marriage, increased female labor force participation, and shifting
gender roles have transformed marital expectations and dynamics (Cherlin,
2020). Contemporary marriages place greater emphasis on emotional intimacy,
communication, and personal fulfillment, which, while enriching marital
relationships, also increase vulnerability to instability when expectations are
unmet (Wilcox & Nock, 2016).
Empirical
research across diverse cultural contexts consistently identifies communication
patterns as one of the strongest predictors of marital stability. Constructive
communication characterized by openness, empathy, and collaborative
problem-solving promotes emotional closeness and marital satisfaction, whereas
destructive communication patterns such as criticism, contempt, defensiveness,
and withdrawal significantly increase the risk of marital distress and
dissolution (Gottman & Silver, 2018; Lavner et al., 2016). The importance
of sexual satisfaction as a component of marital stability is also supported
internationally: sexual satisfaction is correlated with general happiness,
mental health, and effective emotional communication within couples (Karimi et
al., 2019; PMC). Studies indicate that sexual fulfillment strengthens emotional
bonding, trust, and commitment between spouses, while sexual dissatisfaction
contributes to conflict, emotional distance, infidelity, and marital breakdown
(Mark et al., 2018; Yoo et al., 2019). Financial status represents another
universally salient predictor. The Family Stress Model explains how economic
hardship generates psychological stress that disrupts communication, increases
conflict, and weakens marital bonds (Conger et al., 2019).
Beyond
individual and dyadic factors, social contexts such as extended family
involvement and peer influence also shape marital stability. Social networks
can either reinforce marital commitment through support and shared values or
undermine it by normalizing dissatisfaction, extramarital relationships, or
separation (Kearns et al., 2016).
In
Africa, marriage is deeply embedded in communal and collectivist social
systems. Unlike Western societies where marriage is often conceptualized as a
private relationship between two individuals, African marriages are typically
viewed as unions between families and kinship groups. Extended family members
play significant roles in mate selection, marital decision-making, conflict
resolution, and child-rearing (Adesina, 2017).
Marital
stability in African societies is therefore influenced not only by
interpersonal dynamics between spouses but also by broader socio-cultural
expectations and family obligations. While extended family support can enhance
marital resilience by providing financial assistance and emotional backing,
excessive interference or conflicting expectations may undermine marital
autonomy and generate persistent conflict (Takyi & Lamptey, 2020).
Although
formal divorce rates in many African countries remain relatively low, scholars
argue that these figures often mask underlying marital instability manifested
through chronic conflict, emotional disengagement, informal separation, and
polygynous alternatives (Clark & Brauner-Otto, 2015). Rapid urbanization,
economic pressures, exposure to global media, and changing gender norms have
further intensified marital stress across the continent.
Sexual
relations within African marriages are often shaped by cultural norms that
discourage open discussion of sexual needs, particularly for women. As a
result, sexual dissatisfaction may remain unaddressed, contributing to
emotional distance and marital conflict (Adebayo & Kolawole, 2020).
Similarly, peer influence has become increasingly salient in urban African
contexts, where social comparison and exposure to alternative marital models
shape expectations and attitudes toward marriage (Kearns et al., 2016).
In
Nigeria, marriage occupies a central position in cultural, religious, and
social life. It is widely regarded as a rite of passage into adulthood and a
marker of social respectability. Nigerian marriages are predominantly
heterosexual and are governed by a complex interaction of customary law,
religious doctrines, and statutory regulations (Adegoke, 2015).
Marital
stability in Nigeria is traditionally emphasized over marital satisfaction,
with strong cultural and religious discouragement of divorce. As a result, many
marriages persist despite chronic conflict, emotional dissatisfaction, and
psychological distress (Olowe & Oladipo, 2019). Nevertheless, reports from
customary courts, religious institutions, counseling centers, and social
welfare agencies suggest an increase in marital disputes, domestic violence,
and informal separations in recent years (National Population Commission [NPC],
2021).
Communication
patterns within Nigerian marriages are often shaped by patriarchal norms and
rigid gender role expectations. Men are frequently socialized to exercise
authority, while women are expected to be submissive and accommodating. These
dynamics may limit open dialogue, emotional expression, and collaborative
decision-making, thereby increasing the likelihood of unresolved conflict and
marital instability (Akinwale, 2018).
Sexual
orientation within the Nigerian context is almost exclusively heterosexual due
to legal and cultural restrictions. Within heterosexual marriages, sexual
satisfaction plays a significant role in sustaining emotional intimacy and
marital commitment. However, cultural taboos surrounding sexuality often
inhibit open communication about sexual needs, leading to unresolved
dissatisfaction and conflict (Adebayo & Kolawole, 2020).
Economic
conditions constitute one of the most pressing challenges confronting Nigerian
marriages. High unemployment rates, inflation, rising living costs, and
economic insecurity have placed significant strain on households. According to
the National Bureau of Statistics (2022), economic hardship remains widespread,
and financial stress has been identified as a major source of marital conflict
and instability (Ogunrinola & Alege, 2021).
Extended
family involvement, particularly in-law influence, is another defining feature
of Nigerian marriages. While in-laws may provide support and mediation,
excessive interference, favoritism, and unmet expectations often generate
tension and loyalty conflicts between spouses (Adesina, 2017; Oke, 2021). Peer
influence further shapes marital attitudes, particularly in urban settings
where exposure to diverse marital norms and lifestyles is common.
Oyo
State, located in southwestern Nigeria, is predominantly Yoruba in cultural
orientation and reflects a strong tradition of extended family involvement in
marriage. Yoruba marriages emphasize respect for elders, family honor, and
marital endurance. However, modernization, urbanization, and economic pressures
have altered marital dynamics across the state.
Empirical
studies conducted in southwestern Nigeria indicate that communication patterns,
financial stress, and extended family interference are significant predictors
of marital satisfaction and stability (Adesokan et al., 2019; Oladipo &
Adeniyi, 2020). Urban areas within Oyo State, in particular, experience
heightened marital stress due to work demands, cost of living, and exposure to
modern marital ideals that emphasize individual fulfillment and autonomy.
Despite
these challenges, there remains limited empirical research that examines
marital stability at the Local Government Area level within Oyo State. Most
studies adopt broad state or regional perspectives, thereby overlooking
localized socio-cultural dynamics that shape marital experiences. Furthermore,
factors such as peer- influence increasingly relevant amid urbanization and
social media exposure remain understudied at the sub-state level despite their
growing salience for marital norms and expectations.
Ibadan
North Local Government Area (Ibadan North LGA) offers a unique setting to
examine marital stability within the Nigerian context. Characterized by a
diverse population that includes civil servants, business owners,
professionals, and students, Ibadan North exhibits hybrid social influences
where traditional Yoruba marital expectations intersect with modern urban
pressures.
Couples
in this area face specific dynamics that may influence marital stability: rapid
urbanization, demanding work and economic conditions, asynchronous gender role
expectations, and evolving social norms accessed through peer networks and
digital platforms. These factors interplay with extended family expectations
and cultural norms around marriage, delineating a complex socio-cultural
environment for marital relationships.
Given
these unique characteristics, there is a pressing need for localized empirical
research to understand how communication patterns, sexual dynamics within
heterosexual marriages, financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence
jointly predict marital stability among married individuals in Ibadan North
LGA. While national and state-level research provides important context, it
cannot fully capture the particular socio-economic and cultural realities that
shape marital outcomes within this specific urban setting.
Justification
for the Study
Given
the multidimensional nature of marital stability and the socio-cultural
uniqueness of Ibadan North Local Government Area, there is a clear need for a
context-specific investigation into the predictors of marital stability. This
study therefore examines communication pattern, sexual orientation within
heterosexual marriages, financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence as
predictors of marital stability among married individuals in Ibadan North LGA.
By
integrating global, African, Nigerian, Oyo State, and local perspectives, the
study seeks to contribute empirically grounded knowledge that is culturally
relevant and practically applicable to marital counseling, family policy
formulation, and future research.
Statement of the Problem
Marriage
remains one of the most valued social institutions in Nigeria, particularly
within Yoruba society where marital stability is strongly associated with
social respectability, family continuity, and communal harmony. Despite its
cultural significance, contemporary Nigerian marriages are increasingly
confronted with challenges that threaten their stability. These challenges
manifest not only in formal divorce but also in persistent marital conflict,
emotional disengagement, separation without legal dissolution, and declining
marital satisfaction.
Globally,
empirical evidence indicates that marital instability is influenced by a
constellation of interpersonal, economic, sexual, and social factors, including
communication patterns, financial stress, sexual satisfaction, and social
networks (Karimi et al., 2019; Trail & Karney, 2012). In Africa, these
factors are further complicated by extended family systems, cultural
prescriptions, and gender role expectations (Amoateng et al., 2017). Nigeria
reflects this complexity acutely, as marriages are embedded within strong
kinship networks and socio-economic uncertainties.
In
Nigeria, recent socio-economic realities such as rising unemployment,
inflation, urban stress, and shifting gender roles have intensified pressures
on marital relationships (National Bureau of Statistics [NBS], 2022). Studies
have shown that financial strain significantly predicts marital conflict and
dissatisfaction among Nigerian couples (Oladipo & Adenaike, 2017). Poor
communication patterns including avoidance, hostility, and ineffective conflict
resolution have also been identified as critical contributors to marital
instability (Adesokan et al., 2019).
Furthermore,
in-law interference remains a salient issue in Nigerian marriages, particularly
in Yoruba communities where extended family members often play influential
roles in marital decision-making. While such involvement may offer emotional
and material support, excessive or biased interference frequently escalates
marital conflict and undermines spousal autonomy (Adebayo & Kolawole,
2020).
Peer
influence is an emerging but under-researched factor in marital stability,
especially in urban settings. Exposure to peers’ marital experiences, social
media narratives, and alternative relationship norms may shape couples’
expectations, comparisons, and responses to marital challenges (Amato et al.,
2018). In Ibadan North LGA, characterized by urban density, educational
institutions, and diverse social networks, peer influence is likely to play a
significant role in shaping marital attitudes and behaviors.
Sexual
orientation and sexual relations within marriage also constitute a sensitive
but critical dimension of marital stability. Although Nigerian society legally
and culturally recognizes heterosexual marriage, variations in sexual
satisfaction, intimacy, and sexual communication within marriage significantly
influence marital cohesion and satisfaction (Akanle et al., 2020). However,
empirical studies examining sexual dynamics as predictors of marital stability
within specific Nigerian local government contexts remain scarce.
This
gap in localized, multi-factorial research constrains the development of
context-specific interventions, counseling frameworks, and family policies.
Therefore, this study seeks to address this gap by empirically examining the
predictors of marital stability among married individuals in Ibadan North Local
Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria.
Purpose of the Study
For
the purpose of this study, the extent to which communication, sexual
orientation, financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence predict
marital stability among married individuals in Ibadan North Local Government
Area will be investigated.
In
specific terms, the sole objectives of this study include the following;
1. To
determine the influence of communication, sexual orientation, financial status,
in-law factors, peer influence on marital stability among married individuals
in Ibadan North LGA.
2. To
determine the joint contributions of communication, sexual orientation,
financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among
married individuals in Ibadan North LGA.
3. To
investigate the relative contributions of communication, sexual orientation,
financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among
married individuals in Ibadan North LGA.
Research Questions
1. What
is the relationship between communication, sexual orientation, financial
status, in-law factors, peer influence and marital stability among married
individuals in Ibadan North LGA.
2. What
is the joint contribution of communication, sexual orientation, financial
status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among married
individuals in Ibadan North LGA.
3. What
is the relative contribution of communication, sexual orientation, financial
status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among married
individuals in Ibadan North LGA.
METHODOLOGY
Design
This
study adopted a descriptive survey research design. This approach was chosen
for its effectiveness in capturing, analyzing, and interpreting quantitative
data from a large population sample to examine relationships among variables
without manipulating them (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). The survey design
provides a systematic means to investigate how communication, sexual
orientation, financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence predict
marital stability. This design also facilitates generalization of findings
across diverse population groups, particularly within Ibadan North Local
Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State, Nigeria.
The
descriptive design aligns with previous studies that examined marital dynamics
using survey methods to assess relational predictors (Akomolafe et al.2010).
Moreover, the non-experimental nature of this design is suitable for studying
naturally occurring phenomena such as marital behaviour in everyday life
contexts without artificial control.
Population
The
target population for this study comprises currently married individuals (both
male and female) residing in Ibadan North LGA, a demographically and culturally
diverse region in Oyo State, Nigeria. This area contains a heterogeneous
population reflecting various ethnic, religious, and socio-economic
backgrounds, thus making it an ideal location for understanding marital
stability within a real-life Nigerian urban context.
According
to the National Population Commission (NPC, 2022), Ibadan North LGA has an
estimated population of 350,000 residents, with an estimated married adult
population of approximately 105,000 individuals, considering national marriage
prevalence rates. This area includes communities from both traditional Yoruba
family systems and modern urban middle-class structures, thereby reflecting
diverse marital practices and values.
Sample
Size and Sampling Technique
The
sample for this study consists of three hundred (300) participants. To ensure
comprehensive representation, a multi-stage sampling technique was employed:
Stage
1 – Stratified Sampling: The LGA was stratified into urban, semi-urban, and
peri-urban wards to ensure inclusion of diverse socioeconomic groups.
Stage
2 – Systematic Sampling: A systematic approach was used to select households
from electoral registers and community listings in each ward.
Stage
3 – Purposive Sampling: Within selected households, only married individuals
who had been in union for at least one year were included, ensuring that
participants had sufficient marital experience.
This
approach allows for both diversity and depth of insights across gender,
ethnicity, education level, and socioeconomic status, enhancing the validity
and generalizability of findings (Bryman, 2016).
Instrumentation
The
instrument employed for data collection in this study was a questionnaire. The
questionnaire is specifically designed to align with the research objectives
and questions of the study. It encompasses seven (7) sections, which are:
Section
A: Demographic Information of respondents (which includes Gender)
Section
B: Marital Stability Scale
Section
C: Communication Pattern Scale
Section
D: Sexual Orientation and Satisfaction Scale
Section
E: Financial Stability and Conflict Scale
Section
F: In-law Relationship Scale
Section
G: Peer Influence Scale
Each
item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale:
1=
Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Undecided, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree.
Demographic
Characteristics
This
section gathered basic background information from respondents. It consisted of
10 items designed to profile participants in terms of key socio-demographic
factors relevant to the study of marital stability. The variables covered
include: Age group, Sex (Male/Female), Marital duration, Religion, Ethnic
background, Educational attainment, Employment status, Monthly household
income, Number of children, Type of marriage.
This
section provided the baseline data necessary to explore demographic variations
in marital stability outcomes.
Communication
Pattern Scale
This
section measured the quality and frequency of interpersonal communication
between spouses, a key predictor of marital success. The scale was drawn from
principles in Gottman’s Communication Theory (1999) and consisted of 10 items
that assessed verbal and non-verbal communication, emotional expressiveness,
listening skills, and conflict resolution styles. Dimensions assessed include:
Frequency of open dialogue, Quality of active listening, Communication during
conflict, Clarity of emotional expression, and use of positive vs. negative
language. Sample items: “We discuss issues together before making important
family decisions.” and “We often yell or raise voices during arguments.”
(Reverse coded)
Consistent
and respectful communication is essential for conflict resolution, emotional
bonding, and long-term marital harmony.
The
reliability of the scale is a=0.78 and 0.89
Sexual
Orientation and Satisfaction Scale
This
section evaluated respondents' sexual compatibility, satisfaction, and
orientation alignment, which significantly influence emotional closeness and
long-term relational contentment. The scale, adapted from McNulty et al.
(2016), comprised 8 items covering the following aspects: Frequency of sexual
activity, Mutual sexual satisfaction, Openness in discussing sexual needs,
Sexual compatibility and orientation, Respect for sexual boundaries and
consent. Sample items: “I feel satisfied with the level of sexual intimacy in
my marriage.”and “My partner and I share similar views and preferences
regarding sexual matters.”
While
culturally sensitive, this section was carefully worded to be respectful yet
precise, ensuring respondents could comfortably reflect on a key aspect of
marital life. Responses were scored on the same 5-point Likert scale.
The
reliability of the scale is a=0.90 and 0.94
Financial
Stability and Conflict Scale
This
section captured the economic dimensions of marital life. Financial issues are
known to be among the top predictors of both marital satisfaction and conflict
(Conger et al., 1999). The scale consisted of 10 items measuring: Joint
decision-making regarding household finances, Income adequacy and stability,
Frequency of financial-related conflicts, Perceived financial burden or stress,
and Transparency in spending and saving practices. Sample items: “We make
financial decisions together as a couple.” and “Disagreements about money often
lead to serious conflict between us.”
Financial
harmony is vital to sustaining household responsibilities and fostering trust
in marriage. This section allowed assessment of how economic stressors or
competencies relate to stability.
The
reliability of the scale is a=0.81 and 0.88
In-law
Relationship Scale
This
combined section comprised 12 items, split into two subscales: In-law
Relationship Subscale (8 items) adapted from studies like Orbuch et al. (2013),
this scale examined the extent to which external family relationships affect
the marital unit. Dimensions include: Interference from in-laws, Emotional
support from extended family, Boundaries between the nuclear and extended
family, and Pressure from in-laws on family decisions. Sample items: “My
in-laws interfere too much in our marriage.” (Reverse coded), and “My spouse’s
family supports and respects our union.”
Peer
Influence Scale
Based
on the work of Oladipo &Adekeye (2020), this subscale assessed the degree
to which friends or social circles influence marital dynamics, attitudes, and
choices. It addressed:
Peer
pressure to conform to specific marital roles, friends’ advice regarding
marital disputes and social comparison with peers’ marriages. Sample items:“I
often compare my marriage to that of my friends.” And “My friends’ opinions
about my marriage affect how I relate with my spouse.”
Both
in-law and peer influence scales help capture the external relational systems
that interact with the marital dyad, consistent with Bronfenbrenner’s
Ecological Systems Theory.
Marital
Stability Scale
This
section assessed the dependent variable of the study marital stability which
refers to the degree of commitment, satisfaction, harmony, and longevity within
a marital relationship. The scale was adapted from the Locke-Wallace Marital
Adjustment Test (1959) and further enriched with indicators from more recent
instruments. It consisted of 10 items measuring the following dimensions:
Emotional bonding and companionship, Conflict resolution and tolerance,
Commitment to the marital union, Intentions or thoughts of separation or
divorce, Perception of future marital success. Sample items include: “I feel
secure and satisfied in my marriage.” and “My partner and I often consider
separation or divorce.” (Reverse coded)
Each
item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to
5 (Strongly Agree). Higher aggregate scores indicated higher levels of marital
stability
Method
of Data Collection
Data
collection was carried out over a five-week period using questionnaires. The
researcher employed trained field assistants fluent in both English and Yoruba
to aid respondents with limited literacy, ensuring inclusiveness.
Respondents
provided informed consent, and confidentiality of responses was assured. In
line with ethical protocols, participation was voluntary, and respondents could
withdraw at any point without penalty.
Method
of Data Analysis
Data
were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
version 25.0. The analysis proceeded in the following sequence:
Descriptive
Statistics: Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were used
to summarize demographic data and overall patterns of responses.
Inferential
Statistics:
Pearson
Product-Moment Correlation to assess the strength and direction of
relationships between individual predictors and marital stability.
Multiple
Regression Analysis to examine the joint and relative contributions of
communication, sexual orientation, financial status, in-law factors, and peer
influence to marital stability.
Independent
t-tests and One-Way ANOVA to assess significant differences in marital
stability scores based on demographic variables such as gender, income level,
and educational attainment.
All
hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS
Research Question One: What
is the relationship between communication, sexual orientation, financial
status, in-law factors, peer influence and marital stability among married
individuals in Ibadan North LGA?
Table
1: Zero-order correlation showing
the relationship between communication, sexual orientation, financial status,
in-law factors, peer influence and marital stability among married individuals
in Ibadan North LGA
|
|
Marital stability |
Communication |
Sexual orientation |
Financial status |
In-law factor |
Peer influence |
|
Marital stability |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Communication |
.432* (.001) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Sexual orientation |
.345* (.001) |
.308* (.001) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Financial status |
.555* (.001) |
.401* (.001) |
.488* (.001) |
1 |
|
|
|
In-law factor |
.370* (.001) |
.015 (.799) |
.484* (.001) |
.435* (.001) |
1 |
|
|
Peer influence |
.155* (.001) |
-.036 (.535) |
.586* (.001) |
.277* (.001) |
.569* (.001) |
1 |
|
Mean |
36.18 |
38.76 |
25.53 |
34.16 |
23.61 |
19.57 |
|
Std. deviation |
5.03 |
5.10 |
3.91 |
5.55 |
5.10 |
6.77 |
*
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
Table 1 showed a
significant positive relationship between marital stability and all the
measured variables communication (r = .432, p<.05), sexual orientation (r =
.345, p < .05), financial status (r = .555, p < .05), in-law factors (r =
.370, p<.05), and peer influence (r = .155, p<.05). This revealed that
improved communication, positive sexual orientation compatibility, sound
financial standing, supportive in-law relationships, and positive peer
influence all contributed to greater marital stability among married
individuals in Ibadan North LGA. Financial status showed the strongest
relationship with marital stability, revealing that economic well-being plays a
major role in sustaining marital harmony.
Hence, the study
implied that marital stability is multifaceted, shaped by interpersonal,
familial, and socio-economic factors that jointly determine the quality and
longevity of marriages in Ibadan North Local Government.
Research
Question Two: What is the joint contribution of
communication, sexual orientation, financial status, in-law factors, and peer
influence on marital stability among married individuals in Ibadan North LGA?
Table
2: Summary of Regression analysis
showing joint contribution of communication, sexual orientation, financial
status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among married
individuals
|
R
|
R Square
|
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
|||
|
.625 |
.391 |
.380 |
3.93224 |
|||
|
A
N O V A |
||||||
|
Model
|
Sum of Squares |
DF
|
Mean Square |
F
|
Sig.
|
Remark
|
|
Regression Residual
Total
|
2893.191 4515.064 7408.255 |
5 292 297 |
578.638 15.463 |
37.422 |
.001 |
Sig. |
Table
2 showed that the joint contribution of communication, sexual orientation,
financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among
married individuals was significant. The table also shows a coefficient of multiple
correlation (R = .625 and a multiple R2 of .391. This means that
39.1% of the variance was accounted for by five predictor variables when taken
together. The significance of the composite contribution was tested at α =
0.05. The table also shows that the analysis of variance for the regression
yielded F-ratio of 37.422 (significant at 0.05 level). This implies that the
joint contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variable was
significant and that other variables not included in this model may have
accounted for the remaining variance.
Research Question Three:
What is the relative contribution of communication, sexual orientation,
financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among
married individuals in Ibadan North LGA?
Table
3: Summary of regression analysis
showing relative contribution of communication, sexual orientation, financial
status, in-law factors, and peer influence on marital stability among married
individuals
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficient |
Standardized Coefficient |
t
|
Sig.
|
|
|
B
|
Std. Error |
Beta Contribution |
|||
|
(Constant) Communication Sexual orientation Financial status In-law factors Peer influence |
9.746 .272 .019 .314 .252 -.064 |
2.165 .053 .083 .052 .059 .047 |
.271 .015 .348 .258 -.087 |
4.503 5.147 0.226 6.005 4.271 -1.373 |
.001 .001 .822 .001 .001 .171 |
Table
3 revealed the relative contribution of the five independent variables to the
dependent variable, expressed as beta weights, viz: Communication (β = .271,
p<.05), Sexual orientation (β = .015, p>.05), Financial status (β = .348,
p<.05), In-law factors(β = .258, p<.05), and Peer influence(β = -.087,
p>.05)respectively. Hence, communication, financial status, and in-law
factors were significant i.e., could independently and significantly predict
marital stability among married individuals in the study.
Discussion of Findings
This
study examined the predictors of marital stability among married individuals in
Ibadan North Local Government Area (LGA), focusing on the roles of
communication, sexual orientation, financial status, in-law factors, and peer
influence. The aim was to determine the extent to which these variables
individually and collectively contributed to marital stability within the study
population.
Demographic
results showed that most respondents were between 26 and 35 years (33.3%),
indicating that the study population comprised largely young and middle-aged
adults. A greater proportion of participants were female (77.3%), while most
had tertiary education (73.3%). In addition, the majority were self-employed
(53.3%), and a considerable number earned between ₦50,000 and ₦100,000 monthly
(27.7%). About 31.3% had been married for less than five years, and 48% had one
to two children, suggesting that the sample reflected individuals in the early
to middle stages of marriage.
Findings
from the zero-order correlation analysis revealed that marital stability had a
significant positive relationship with communication (r = .432, p < .05),
sexual orientation (r = .345, p < .05), financial status (r = .555, p <
.05), in-law factors (r = .370, p < .05), and peer influence (r = .155, p
< .05). This means that as communication effectiveness, sexual
compatibility, financial well-being, in-law support, and positive peer
influence increase, marital stability also improves. Among these variables,
financial status demonstrated the strongest correlation, highlighting the
importance of economic security in sustaining stable marital relationships.
The
multiple regression analysis further showed that the five predictor variables
jointly contributed significantly to marital stability (R = .625, R² = .391, F
= 37.422, p < .05), indicating that 39.1% of the total variance in marital
stability was explained by the combination of communication, sexual
orientation, financial status, in-law factors, and peer influence. This
suggests that these factors collectively exert substantial influence on marital
stability among couples in the study area.
In
examining their relative contributions, communication (β = .271, p < .05),
financial status (β = .348, p < .05), and in-law factors (β = .258, p <
.05) were found to be significant independent predictors. Conversely, sexual
orientation (β = .015, p > .05) and peer influence (β = –.087, p > .05)
were not statistically significant predictors when considered individually.
This indicates that while all variables contribute collectively to marital
stability, the most influential predictors in this study are communication,
financial status, and in-law relationships.
Conclusion
The
study concluded that marital stability is multifaceted, shaped by
interpersonal, economic, and familial dimensions. Effective communication,
sound financial management, and supportive in-law relationships were found to
be the strongest determinants of marital harmony among couples in Ibadan North
LGA. These factors create a foundation for mutual understanding, emotional
bonding, and conflict resolution, all of which are essential for a lasting
union.
Although
sexual orientation and peer influence correlated positively with marital
stability, they were not strong independent predictors. This suggests that
while compatibility and social networks play roles in marital experiences, they
are less decisive in sustaining marital endurance compared to communication and
financial well-being.
In
summary, the research demonstrates that open communication, financial security,
and balanced in-law involvement are central to achieving and maintaining
marital stability in contemporary Nigerian households.
Recommendations
Based
on the key findings of this study, several practical, clinical, and policy
recommendations are proposed to enhance marital stability among married
individuals in Ibadan North Local Government Area (LGA). These recommendations
are grounded in the empirical evidence from the study, which identified
communication, financial status, and in-law factors as the most significant
predictors of marital stability, while sexual orientation and peer influence
contributed collectively but were not individually significant.
1.
Enhancing
Communication Skills in Marital Relationships
Effective
communication emerged as a significant predictor of marital stability (β =
.271, p < .05), corroborating previous research indicating that high-quality
communication fosters conflict resolution, emotional intimacy, and relationship
satisfaction (Abolghasemi et al., 2024; Ambali et al., 2022).
Recommendations:
Marital
Counseling Programs: Government and private counseling centers in Ibadan North
LGA should implement structured communication skills training, focusing on
active listening, empathy, and constructive conflict management (Karimi,
Bakhtiyari, & Masjedi Arani, 2019).
Pre-Marital
Education: Religious institutions and community centers should integrate
communication workshops into pre-marital counseling sessions to prepare couples
for relational challenges (Adebayo & Kolawole, 2019).
Media
and Community Campaigns: Awareness campaigns via radio, television, and social
media should educate couples on the importance of effective communication,
fostering understanding and relational resilience (Ambali et al., 2022).
2.
Promoting
Financial Literacy and Economic Stability
Financial
status demonstrated the strongest correlation with marital stability (r = .555,
p < .05; β = .348, p < .05), highlighting the centrality of economic
security in sustaining stable marriages. Financial stress has been widely
associated with increased conflict and relational dissatisfaction (Sawai et
al., 2018).
Recommendations:
Financial
Management Workshops: Local government agencies and NGOs should organize
programs for couples on budgeting, joint financial decision-making, and
long-term financial planning (Oladipo & Adekeye, 2020).
Economic
Empowerment Initiatives: Income-generating and entrepreneurship programs should
target married couples to enhance household economic stability.
Access
to Credit and Microfinance: Facilitation of low-interest loans and microfinance
opportunities can reduce financial strain and promote marital harmony (Sawai et
al., 2018).
3.
Strengthening
In-Law and Extended Family Relationships
In-law
factors were significant predictors of marital stability (β = .258, p <
.05). Positive family involvement supports resilience, while excessive
interference can undermine autonomy and create conflict (Adebayo &
Kolawole, 2019).
Recommendations:
Family
Mediation Programs: Community leaders and family counselors should provide
guidance to extended families, emphasizing supportive rather than intrusive
roles.
Education
on Healthy Boundaries: Workshops and counseling sessions should educate couples
and in-laws on establishing and respecting marital boundaries (Orbuch et al.,
2013).
Cultural
Integration: Religious and traditional institutions should promote culturally
sensitive approaches that balance familial support with the couple’s autonomy
(Adebayo & Kolawole, 2019).
4.
Addressing
Sexual Compatibility and Intimacy
Although
sexual orientation was not a significant independent predictor (β = .015, p
> .05), it showed a positive correlation with marital stability (r = .345, p
< .05), highlighting the importance of sexual satisfaction in relational
quality (McNulty et al., 2016).
Recommendations:
Sexual
Health Education: Local health centers should provide counseling and
educational sessions on sexual satisfaction, intimacy, and relational
fulfillment.
Therapeutic
Interventions: Marriage counselors should integrate discussions of sexual
compatibility in therapy to enhance intimacy and communication.
Community
Awareness: Destigmatizing conversations around marital intimacy can encourage
couples to seek support proactively (Mark et al., 2018).
5.
Leveraging
Positive Peer Influence
Peer
influence had a weaker correlation (r = .155, p < .05) and was not an
independent predictor of marital stability (β = –.087, p > .05), yet social
networks can reinforce marital norms and behaviors (Abdulhameed, Abonyi, &
Arinde-Simeon, 2024).
Recommendations:
Couples’
Peer Support Groups: Formation of local peer networks for married couples can
promote shared experiences, mentorship, and positive relational modeling.
Mentorship
Programs: Experienced couples can provide guidance to newlyweds on
communication, financial management, and conflict resolution (Oladipo &
Adekeye, 2020).
Community
Norm Campaigns: Peer-led initiatives should promote values of marital
commitment, cooperation, and respect within communities (Abdulhameed et al.,
2024).
6.
Policy
Implications
The
findings suggest that local government, religious institutions, and
community-based organizations should incorporate relational support into social
development programs.
Integration
into Governance: Marital counseling, financial literacy, and family education
should form part of social welfare planning in Ibadan North LGA.
Collaborative
Frameworks: Partnerships with churches, mosques, and traditional leaders can
enhance program reach and cultural appropriateness (Adebayo & Kolawole,
2019).
Monitoring
and Evaluation: Implementing frameworks to assess the effectiveness of marital
support interventions is necessary for sustained impact.
Recommendations for Future Research
Conduct
longitudinal studies to examine the causal effects of communication, financial
status, and in-law relationships on marital stability.
Explore
the moderating role of cultural and religious values in shaping marital
stability in Ibadan North.
Investigate
peer influence mechanisms, given their weak predictive power in the current
study, to identify factors that can enhance their supportive potential.
Comparative
studies between urban and rural LGAs could illuminate socio-cultural and
economic determinants of marital stability.
Implications for Practice and Policy
The
findings of this study hold significant implications for practice and policy:
1.
For Marriage Counselors and Family Therapists:
Counseling
programs should integrate modules on communication enhancement, financial
management, and managing in-law relationships.
2.
For Family Life Education:
Educational
institutions should embed family relationship and financial literacy training
into community education and adult learning programs.
3.
For Religious and Community Leaders:
Faith-based
organizations should promote family seminars that emphasize mutual respect,
financial discipline, and emotional communication in marriages.
4.
For Policy Makers:
Policies
aimed at improving household economic stability such as microfinance programs,
employment initiatives, and family welfare schemes should be strengthened to
support marital harmony.
5.
For Social Development Practitioners:
Public
awareness campaigns should be launched to educate couples on maintaining
healthy communication patterns and minimizing external interference in their
marriages.
This
chapter presented a comprehensive synthesis of the study’s findings, drawing
conclusions and making recommendations grounded solely in empirical evidence.
It highlighted the key determinants of marital stability communication,
financial status, and in-law factors while acknowledging limitations and
providing directions for future studies. The chapter further emphasized the
need for practical and policy-oriented interventions to promote stronger, more
resilient marriages in Ibadan North LGA and beyond.
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